What is Bartholin’s gland inflammation and how to treat it?
Bartholin’s gland inflammation is a condition that affects the two small glands located on each side of the vaginal opening. These glands produce fluid that helps lubricate the vagina during sexual intercourse. Sometimes, the ducts that drain the fluid from the glands become blocked, causing the fluid to accumulate and form a cyst. If the cyst becomes infected, it can cause pain, swelling, redness, and fever. This is called a Bartholin’s abscess.
Bartholin’s gland inflammation is a common problem that affects many women, especially those who are sexually active. It can be caused by various factors, such as infection, injury, sexually transmitted diseases, or irritation. In this article, we will explain the symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment of Bartholin’s gland inflammation, as well as some tips to prevent it and some frequently asked questions.
Symptoms of Bartholin’s gland inflammation
The symptoms of Bartholin’s gland inflammation depend on the size and severity of the cyst or abscess. Some women may not notice any symptoms if the cyst is small and painless. However, if the cyst grows or becomes infected, the symptoms may include:
- A tender, painful lump near the vaginal opening
- Discomfort while walking, sitting, or having sex
- Difficulty in inserting a tampon or wiping after using the toilet
- Fever or chills
- Pus or blood draining from the cyst
- A foul-smelling vaginal discharge
The symptoms of Bartholin’s gland inflammation usually occur on only one side of the vaginal opening. However, in rare cases, both glands may be affected.
Causes of Bartholin’s gland inflammation
The exact cause of Bartholin’s gland inflammation is not always known. However, some possible causes are:
- Infection: Bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites can infect the cyst and cause inflammation. Some common infections that can cause Bartholin’s gland inflammation are Escherichia coli (E. coli), gonorrhea, chlamydia, herpes, and trichomoniasis.
- Injury: Trauma, surgery, or childbirth can damage the ducts of the glands and cause blockage or scarring.
- Sexually transmitted diseases: Some STDs can cause inflammation or ulceration of the vaginal tissues, which can affect the glands and their ducts.
- Irritation: Chemicals, allergens, or foreign bodies can irritate the glands and cause inflammation or infection.
Diagnosis of Bartholin’s gland inflammation
To diagnose Bartholin’s gland inflammation, your doctor may:
- Ask questions about your medical history, sexual activity, and symptoms
- Perform a pelvic exam to check for any abnormalities in the vaginal area
- Take a sample of secretions from the vagina or cervix to test for any infection or STD
- Recommend a biopsy of the cyst or abscess to check for any cancerous cells if you are postmenopausal or over 40
If cancer is a concern, your doctor may refer you to a gynecologist who specializes in cancers of the female reproductive system.
Treatment of Bartholin’s gland inflammation
The treatment of Bartholin’s gland inflammation depends on the size and severity of the condition. Many times, home care may be enough. Medications or surgery may be necessary in severe cases.
Home care
Home care for Bartholin’s gland inflammation may include:
- Sitz bath: Soaking in a tub filled with warm water for a few minutes several times a day for two to three days may help a small, infected cyst to rupture and drain on its own.
- Pain relievers: Over-the-counter painkillers such as ibuprofen or acetaminophen may help reduce the pain and inflammation.
- Warm compresses: Applying a warm, wet cloth to the affected area may help ease the discomfort and promote healing.
- Hygiene: Keeping the area clean and dry may help prevent further infection or irritation. Avoid using scented products, douches, or tight-fitting clothes that may aggravate the condition.
Medication
Medication for Bartholin’s gland inflammation may include:
- Antibiotics: If the cyst or abscess is infected, your doctor may prescribe antibiotics to kill the bacteria and prevent complications. You should complete the full course of antibiotics as prescribed by your doctor, even if the symptoms improve.
- Antivirals: If the infection is caused by a virus, such as herpes, your doctor may prescribe antiviral drugs to reduce the severity and duration of the outbreak.
- Antifungals: If the infection is caused by a fungus, such as yeast, your doctor may prescribe antifungal creams or pills to treat the infection and restore the normal balance of the vaginal flora.
Surgery
Surgery for Bartholin’s gland inflammation may include:
- Drainage: This procedure involves cutting or puncturing the skin to drain the cyst or abscess. This can be done using local anesthesia or sedation. For the procedure, your doctor makes a small incision in the cyst, allows it to drain, and then places a small rubber tube (catheter) in the incision. The catheter stays in place for up to six weeks to keep the incision open and allow complete drainage.
- Marsupialization: This procedure involves surgically opening a cyst or abscess and then sewing the edges to form a pouch. This helps the fluid to drain out and prevents the cyst from recurring. This can be done using local anesthesia or sedation. An inserted catheter may be placed to promote drainage for a few days after the procedure and to help prevent recurrence.
- Gland removal: This procedure involves surgically removing the entire Bartholin’s gland. This is usually done in a hospital under general anesthesia. This is a last resort option for persistent cysts that are not effectively treated by other methods. Gland removal carries a greater risk of bleeding or complications after the procedure.
Prevention of Bartholin’s gland inflammation
There is no sure way to prevent Bartholin’s gland inflammation. However, some preventive measures that may help are:
- Practice safe sex: Use condoms and get tested regularly for STDs. This may help prevent infection or inflammation of the glands and their ducts.
- Maintain good hygiene: Wash your genital area with mild soap and water and dry it well. Avoid using scented products, douches, or harsh chemicals that may irritate the glands. Change your underwear and pads or tampons frequently.
- Seek medical attention: If you notice any symptoms of Bartholin’s gland inflammation, such as pain, swelling, redness, or fever, see your doctor as soon as possible. Early treatment may help prevent complications or recurrence.
Frequently asked questions
Here are some common questions that people may have about Bartholin’s gland inflammation:
Q: Can Bartholin’s gland inflammation affect my fertility or pregnancy?
A: No, Bartholin’s gland inflammation does not affect your ability to get pregnant or carry a baby. However, if you have an infection or STD, you should get treated before trying to conceive or during pregnancy, as some infections or STDs can cause complications for you or your baby.
Q: Can Bartholin’s gland inflammation go away on its own?
A: Sometimes, a small, non-infected Bartholin’s cyst may go away on its own without any treatment. However, if the cyst grows or becomes infected, it may require medical attention. Home care, such as sitz baths, pain relievers, and warm compresses, may help a small, infected cyst to rupture and drain on its own. However, if the symptoms persist or worsen, you should see your doctor for further evaluation and treatment.
Q: How can I tell if I have a Bartholin’s cyst or abscess?
A: The only way to confirm if you have a Bartholin’s cyst or abscess is to see your doctor for a physical exam and possibly some tests. However, some signs that may indicate a Bartholin’s cyst or abscess are:
- A tender, painful lump near the vaginal opening
- Discomfort while walking, sitting, or having sex
- Difficulty in inserting a tampon or wiping after using the toilet
- Fever or chills
- Pus or blood draining from the cyst
- A foul-smelling vaginal discharge
Q: How long does it take for a Bartholin’s cyst or abscess to heal?
A: The healing time for a Bartholin’s cyst or abscess depends on the size and severity of the condition and the type of treatment. Generally, a small, infected cyst may heal within a few days with home care. A larger or more severe cyst or abscess may take longer to heal, especially if it requires surgery. After surgery, it may take several weeks for the incision to heal completely. You should follow your doctor’s instructions on how to care for the wound and prevent infection.
Q: What are the possible complications of Bartholin’s gland inflammation?
A: Bartholin’s gland inflammation can cause discomfort and pain, but it is usually not a serious condition. However, some possible complications that may occur are:
- Recurrence: A Bartholin’s cyst or abscess may recur and require repeated treatment.
- Infection: A Bartholin’s cyst or abscess may become infected and spread to other parts of the body, such as the bloodstream, causing sepsis (a life-threatening condition).
- Scarring: A Bartholin’s cyst or abscess may cause scarring or narrowing of the vaginal opening, which may affect sexual function or delivery
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